GRE閱讀資料之家庭暴力和恐怖主義共同之處

　　美國《紐約時報》是是美國嚴正報刊的代表，歷久以來具有優越的公信力和威望性著稱，1913年正式在美國出書刊行，其消息涵蓋社會多個方面，傍邊文章更是席卷了豐碩的辭匯。對付中國考生來講，GRE瀏覽一向是一個很頭疼的題目。歸根結柢照樣辭匯量稍有短缺。以是可以經由過程瀏覽《紐約時報》來豐碩本身的辭匯量，從而更好地進備考。下面是小編推舉GRE瀏覽材料之家庭暴力和恐懼主義配合的地方。

　　Control and Fear: What Mass Killings and Domestic Violence Have in Common

　　家庭暴力和恐懼主義有甚麽配合的地方

　　One of the first things we learned about Omar Mateen, the gunman in the nightclub massacre in Orlando, Florida, was that his ex-wife said he had beaten her severely until she left him in 2009.

　　關於佛羅裏達奧蘭多夜店屠戮事宜中的槍擊者奧馬爾·馬廷(Omar Mateen)，咱們最初所懂得的幾件事中，就包含他前妻的說法：她曾遭遇緊張的家暴，直至2009年兩人分別。

　　If it sounds familiar that a gunman in a mass shooting would have a history of domestic violence, it should.

　　大範圍槍擊事宜中的行兇者平日有家暴史，這是一種耳熟能詳的說法，究竟也切實其實如斯。

　　In February, Cedric Ford shot 17 people at his Kansas workplace, killing three, only 90 minutes after being served with a restraining order sought by his ex-girlfriend, who said he had abused her. And Man Haron Monis, who holed up with hostages for 17 hours at a cafe in Sydney, Australia, in 2014 — an episode that left two people dead and four wounded — had terrorized his ex-wife. He had threatened to harm her if she left him, and was eventually charged with organizing her murder.

　　本年2月，堪薩斯州的錫德裏克·福特(Cedric Ford)在本身事情之處開槍擊中17人，個中三人歸天，而90分鐘前，他方才收到前女友針對他申請的禁制令，她稱福特荼毒她。2014年，曼·哈倫·莫尼斯(Man Haron Monis)在澳大利亞悉尼一家咖啡館拘留收禁人質長達17小時，致使兩人滅亡，四人受傷，他也曾威嚇過本身的前妻。他威逼說，假如前妻分開本身，他就會損害她，終極他由於謀劃行刺她而受到告狀。

　　When Everytown for Gun Safety, a gun control group, analyzed FBI data on mass shootings from 2009 to 2015, it found that 57 percent of the cases included a spouse, former spouse or other family member among the victims — and that 16 percent of the attackers had previously been charged with domestic violence.

　　控槍構造Everytown for Gun Safety對FBI從2009年到2015年終於大範圍槍擊案的數據舉行了剖析，發如今57%的案例中，受害者包含了行兇者的配頭、前配頭或其他家庭成員，另有16%的案例中，行兇者曾因家庭暴力受到告狀。

　　Social scientists have not settled on an explanation for this correlation, but their research reveals striking parallels between the factors that drive the two phenomena.

　　社會科學家還沒有對此項相幹性做出剖析，但他們的研討揭露出，家庭暴力與大範圍槍擊的成因之間有極高的的類似性。

　　There are, of course, a tangle of factors behind every murder, especially terrorism inspired by foreign groups. But research on domestic violence hints at a question that often arises from seemingly inexplicable events like Mateen’s massacre of 49 people at an Orlando nightclub — what drives individuals to commit such mass attacks? — and sheds light on the psychology of violence.

　　固然，每一路行刺事宜以後都有著龐雜的成因，特殊是由外國構造鼓動的恐懼主義事宜。然則對家庭暴力的研討揭露出如許一個題目，它平日在馬廷在奧蘭多夜店屠戮49人這種那些看似沒法說明的事宜中湧現——個別做出大範圍進擊事宜暗地裏的驅動力是甚麽?這個題目有助於人們懂得暴力的生理學。

　　‘Intimate Terrorism’

　　“密切恐懼主義”

　　Domestic violence often follows a pattern in which an abuser seeks to control every aspect of a victim’s life. The scope and intent of this are hinted at in one name experts use for it: “intimate terrorism.”

　　家庭暴力常常遵守如許一種模式：荼毒者鉆營掌握受害者生存中的各個方面。專家們稱之為“密切恐懼主義”，從中不丟臉出這類掌握的領域與內容。

　　“The perpetrator is engaging in a general pattern of control over the victim — her finances, her social contacts, the clothes she wears,” said Deborah Epstein, who runs Georgetown University Law Center’s domestic violence clinic.

　　“施害者對受害者實施一種廣泛的掌握模式，力爭掌握她的錢，她的社會來往，甚至她的穿戴裝扮，”喬治城大學(Georgetown University)司法中間家庭暴力診所的賣力人黛博拉·愛潑斯坦(Deborah Epstein)說。

　　Violence is the perpetrator’s means of enforcing that control — and of punishing any attempts to break it.

　　暴力是施害者實施掌握的辦法之一，也是對受害者試圖解脫掌握的處分手腕。

　　Mateen’s brief marriage to Sitora Yusufiy seems to fit this model. She has said that he forced her to hand over her paychecks to him, forbade her to leave the house except to go to work, and prevented her from contacting her parents. Even small perceived infractions were met with a violent response.

　　馬廷與西托拉·優素菲(Sitora Yusufiy)的短暫婚姻仿佛正相符這個模式。她說馬廷曾強迫她把本身的薪水交給他，除非上班，不然制止她分開家，還阻攔她與怙恃接洽。假如馬廷以為她違反了禁令，哪怕極其稍微，都邑向她施以暴力。

　　“He would just come home and start beating me up because the laundry wasn’t finished or something like that,” Yusufiy told The Washington Post.

　　“他回抵家裏就打我，只由於我沒洗完衣服之類的工作，”優素菲在接收《華盛頓郵報》采訪時說。

　　Take this dynamic of coercive violence to its most horrible extreme, and it looks an awful lot like how the Islamic State treats women in its self-proclaimed caliphate. As my Times colleague Rukmini Callimachi has reported, the group has created a vast infrastructure of rape and slavery in which women are held captive and bought and sold by its fighters. It is intimate violence on an industrial scale.

　　這類強迫暴力成長到最恐懼的極致，仿佛就很像伊斯蘭國(Islamic State)在其自稱的哈裏發國(caliphate)中看待女人的方法。據我在《紐約時報》的同事魯克米尼·卡利馬基(Rukmini Callimachi)報導，這個構造制作了一個大型的強奸與奴役系統，受害女性被其兵士軟禁和生意。這類密切暴力到達了一種家當範圍。

　　Domestic violence, experts say, is also often a way for male abusers to impose their view of “traditional” gender roles. Epstein said such “traditions” in the United States were rooted in the idea of men having control over women.

　　專家稱，家庭暴力一般為男性荼毒者把本身對“傳統”性別腳色的意見強加於人的方法。愛潑斯坦說，在美國，這類“傳統”深深植根在漢子必需掌握女人的看法當中。

　　“That’s our culture: It’s all about men controlling women in their lives,” she said. “Intimate terrorism stems from that desire to control.”

　　“這便是咱們的文化，漢子必需把握女人的生存，”她說。“密切恐懼主義就發祥於這類對掌握的盼望。”

　　This bears striking similarities to how the Islamic State presents its treatment of women as a recruiting tool, promising young men abroad — particularly in Europe — that its caliphate will allow them to restore “traditional” gender norms of male dominance. This dominance is exercised in part through violence including systematic rape and the threat of rape. The group often presents this violence as a means to measure and protect men’s honor.

　　這又與伊斯蘭國看待女人的方法相符合，他們以女人作為招募新人的對象，向外洋(特殊是歐洲)的年青漢子許諾，他們的哈裏發國會規復“傳統”性別範例中男性的安排位置。這類安排位置部門是經由過程暴力來實現的，包含體系的強奸和強奸威逼。伊斯蘭國常常把這類暴力當成一種權衡與掩護男性聲譽的方法。

　　It seems natural, then, that the Islamic State might appeal to men who desire that sort of control over the women in their lives, separate from any ideological draw — the kind of men who might have domestic violence in their past.

　　是以，撤除意識形態方面的吸引力，伊斯蘭國天然對那些願望掌握女人生存的漢子們非分特別有吸引力，而如許的漢子曩昔是大概有家暴閱歷的。

　　Nimmi Gowrinathan, a visiting professor at the City College of New York who studies women’s roles in insurgent and terrorist conflicts, said that restrictive norms about gender and sexuality could be a “pull” factor for terrorist organizations — but that people who are drawn to them are also often “pushed” by their own pre-existing attitudes or desires.

　　紐約市立大學(City College of New York)的拜訪傳授尼米·高裏納森(Nimmi Gowrinathan)專門研討主婦在暴亂與恐懼主義辯論中的腳色，他說關於性別與性取向的限定性範例可以成為恐懼主義構造中的一個“推進性”身分，然則受他們吸引的人也平日遭到本身早已構成的立場或願望所“推進”。

　　Personal and Global Grievances

　　小我與環球的不幸處境

　　Terrorist attacks and mass shootings garner attention and frighten the public much more than episodes of domestic violence. But domestic violence has a much higher death toll in the United States.

　　恐懼打擊與大範圍槍擊遠比零碎的家庭暴力事宜更能得到民眾的存眷，而且更能激發"大眾,"的恐怖。然則在美國，家庭暴力致使的滅亡率遠比恐懼打擊高。

　　According to the Violence Policy Center, 895 women in the United States were murdered by their current or former intimate partners in 2013 (and this does not include those killed amid mass shootings). That single-year tally is more than nine times the 92 people the New American Foundation has counted as killed in jihadi attacks on U.S. soil in the past decade.

　　依據暴力政策中間(Violence Policy Center)頒布的數據，2013年，有895名女人被現任或前任密切朋友殺死(個中不包含在大範圍槍擊事宜中遇害的情形)。依據新美國基金會(New American Foundation)統計，曩昔十年裏，在美邦本土，有92人死於同聖戰份子有關的打擊，換言之，僅僅在2013年一年裏，死於家庭暴力者的數字就淩駕這個數字九倍之多。

　　But there are striking parallels between the intimate terrorism of domestic violence and the mass terrorism perpetrated by lone-wolf attackers like Mateen seems to have been. Both, at their most basic level, are attempts to provoke fear and assert control.

　　然則家庭暴力中的密切恐懼主義與馬廷這類孤狼打擊者帶來的大範圍恐懼主義仿佛存在驚人的類似的地方。兩者在最根本的層面都是旨在激發恐怖，主意本身的掌握權。

　　Domestic violence, experts say, often occurs when an abuser concludes that violence is the best tool to solve his or her grievances. That might mean a husband who perceives his wife’s failure to do the laundry as a challenge to his rightful authority, leading him to try to reimpose his will through violence.

　　專家稱，當荼毒者以為暴力是辦理本身不幸處境的絕佳對象時，家庭暴力每每隨之產生。這大概象征著，丈夫把老婆沒有洗好衣服視為對本身威望的挑釁，因此引發他再度經由過程暴力來實現本身的意誌。

　　Clark McCauley, a professor at Bryn Mawr College who studies the psychology of mass violence and terrorism, said he was not aware of research finding a causal relationship between domestic violence and terrorism. But he has found that a characteristic common to mass killers is a sense of grievance: a belief that someone, somewhere, had wronged them in a way that merited a violent response.

　　布林莫爾學院(Bryn Mawr College)研討大範圍暴力與恐懼主義生理學的傳授克拉克·麥考利(Clark McCauley)說，他不曉得是不是有研討註解發明家庭暴力和恐懼主義之間存在因果幹系。但他發明，大範圍殺人兇手中每每存在一種典範的配合的地方——有怨氣，以為某小我或某個處所錯待了他們，因此他們做出暴力的回應是合法的。

　　Gender Norms, Gender Panic

　　性別範例，性別驚恐

　　A domestic abuser’s desire to impose, by force, supposed traditional gender roles also sometimes includes sexuality. Such abusers, experts say, may see homosexuality as a threat to their masculinity.

　　家庭暴力的施害者愛好把傳統性別腳色強迫施加於人，偶然也包含傳統性取向。專家稱，有些施害者以為同性戀是對他們的須眉氣勢的一種威逼。

　　“There is an idea that what it means to be masculine is to be vigilant of your sexuality, and hypervigilant towards keeping anyone from perceiving you as gay,” said Gillian Chadwick, a fellow at Georgetown University Law Center.

　　“有種概念以為，有須眉氣勢便是要對本身的性取向堅持小心，要異常小心，不讓任何人以為你是男同性戀，”喬治城大學司法中間的吉莉安·查德維克(Gillian Chadwick)說。

　　Intimate terrorism, in that sense, rests on a broader spectrum of violence meant to preserve the traditional dominance of heterosexual men, and coerce those who are perceived as threatening that order. That spectrum, at the extreme end, includes mass shootings.

　　更多雙語瀏覽材料請點擊》GRE瀏覽材料之世衛構造為咖啡“翻案”利大於弊

　　在這類意義上，密切恐懼主義依附於一種更加廣義的暴力，它旨在堅持異性戀男性傳統的安排位置，並把這類秩序強加給那些被視為威逼的人。這類廣義暴力的極度情勢就包含大範圍槍擊。

　　This connection makes it somewhat easier to understand an apparent contradiction: that Mateen targeted a gay nightclub and that his father and ex-wife have said he had a history of homophobic remarks, but that he also had been seen visiting Pulse, the gay nightclub he targeted, and, according to some news reports, used a gay dating app.

　　這類接洽有助於咱們懂得一個看似抵觸的究竟;馬廷選取一家同性戀夜店作為進擊目的，他的父親與前妻都說他曾揭櫫恐同談吐，然則依據一些消息報導，有人目擊他惠顧他所打擊的這家夜店Pulse，並且還應用一款同性戀約會電話運用。

　　Could Mateen have been trying to use violence to reimpose rules about gender and sexuality that he himself was troubled about violating? If so, he would not be the first.

　　馬廷是不是違反了性別與性取向的傳統規矩，因此才試圖應用暴力來規復這類準則?假如是如許，他並非第一個這麽做的人。

　　Chadwick said there was an entire category of legal argument, called “gay panic” and “trans panic” claims, in which defendants say that they turned to violence because they were so upset about being perceived as gay, or about discovering they were attracted to a transgender person.

　　查德威克說，在司法上，有一個種別就叫做“同性戀驚恐”與“跨性別驚恐”主意——在這類情形下，被告稱，他們被視為同性戀，大概發明跨性別者對本身感興致，是以覺得不安，以是才會采用暴力行動。

　　以上便是本日小編為眾人分享的GRE瀏覽材料之家庭暴力和恐懼主義配合的地方，願望對加入GRE測驗的考生有所贊助。想要懂得2016gre測驗時光、gre測驗流程、gre測驗內容、gre機經等信息和想要加入gre英語培訓考生請選取留學。末了，小編祝眾人出國留學之路順順遂利!更多出色內容盡在留學GRE測驗頻道。