有關霧霾天氣的托福閱讀背景材料

　　Longtime exposure to particulate matter especially the particulatematter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) which can go directly to thealveoli of the lungs is a major health hazard.

　　專家稱，長期呼吸氛圍中的顆粒物，特殊是直徑小於2.5微米的可入肺顆粒物(PM2.5)對人體康健傷害很大。

　　文中的PM2.5便是指“可入肺顆粒物”，PM的英文全稱為particulate matter(微粒物、懸浮微粒)，PM2.5便是指大氣中直徑小於或即是2.5微米的顆粒物，可直接進入人體的alveoli of the lungs(肺泡)，也稱為“可入肺顆粒物”，它的直徑還不到人頭發絲粗細的1/20。PM2.5重要來自vehicleexhaust(靈活車尾氣塵)、燃油塵、硫酸鹽、餐飲油煙塵、修建水泥塵、煤煙塵和硝酸鹽等。

　　PM2.5粒徑小，這類fine particles(渺小顆粒)富含大批的toxic and harmful substance(有毒、有害物資)且在大氣中的逗留時光長、運送間隔遠，因此對人體康健和大氣情況質量的影響更大。往後，應用PM2.5measurement(PM2.5尺度)舉行airquality monitoring(氛圍質量監測)正成為環球趨向。

　　最近很火的詞PM2.5是指大氣中直徑小於或即是2.5微米的顆粒物，也稱為可入肺顆粒物。咱們願望加倍嚴厲的氛圍尺度將揭露更多的情況傷害，進步"大眾,"的意識。

　　China’s environmental authorities are to implement new air quality standards which will now measure some of the smallest and most damaging particles in the air. In many cities, the public are being consulted over the introduction of the new standards, which will find out just how clean the air really is

　　中國的情況部分將履行新的氛圍質量尺度，將丈量氛圍中一些最小、損害最大的顆粒。在很多都會，大眾正被訊問到新尺度的引進，這將懂得到氛圍現實上有多純凈。

　　Smog in Beijing. Smog in Shanghai. Smog in Hangzhou - During recent months, dense pollution has frequently blanketed many cities in China.Sometimes visibility drops to less than 1 kilometer, causing serious trafficjams, flight delays and highway closures.

　　北京的煙霧。上海的煙霧。杭州的煙霧——比來幾個月，濃度大的汙染常常覆蓋著中國的都會。偶然，能見度降低到1公裏如下，激發了緊張的交通壅塞，航班耽擱和公路封閉。

　　It has also raised public awareness of the issue. Ma Jun has beenconducting environmental research since the mid-1990s and in 2006, he foundedhis own NGO in Beijing.

　　它也進步了這個題目的大眾意識。馬軍從上個現實90年月中期就開端舉行情況研討，2006年，他在北京建立本身的非當局構造。

　　The Ministry of Environmental Protection’s newly published air qualitystandard includes monitoring of PM2.5 - a kind of air particle with a diameterof 2.5 microns or less. These particulates are small enough to penetrate humanlung tissue, causing severe health problems. The revised standard is now openfor public input and will take effect from 2016.

　　環保局新近宣布的氛圍質量尺度包含了PM2.5的監測——PM2.5是一種直徑即是或小於2.5微米的氛圍顆粒。這些顆粒充足小，能進入人的肺構造，激發緊張的康健題目。新修正的尺度如今開放"大眾,"投入，從2016年開端見效。

　　Responding to the new air quality standard, several cities,including Shanghai and Nanjing, announced that they are preparing pilotprograms that will start to monitor and publish PM 2.5 levels soon. Expertsbelieve that the monitoring results in some cities might not initially meetinternational standards.

　　作為對新的氛圍質量尺度的相應，包含上海、南京在內的一些都會宣告，他們正在預備試點籌劃，很快將開端監測、宣布PM2.4程度。專家以為，一些都會的監測成果開端大概達不到國際尺度。

　　Stricter air standards will reveal more environmental hazards andraise public awareness, which should certainly help the government’s aim ofproviding cleaner, healthier air.

　　加倍嚴厲的氛圍尺度將揭露更多的情況傷害，進步"大眾,"的意識，這無疑有助於當局供給更幹凈、更康健的氛圍的目的。