2016年1月24日托福閱讀真題回憶

　　第一篇：火星上的水

　　【文章剖析】：

　　第一段：綜述火星的大氣特點，與地球構成比較，提出在這類氣象前提下液態水不容易在外面構成。

　　第二段：經由過程各類探測手腕對火星外面地質特點(沉澱，水道)的研討得出結論：火星上確切存在液態水。

　　第三段：液態水的存在證實，火星上極可能存在性命跡象。

　　第四段：但是對付火星上性命跡象的研討存在許多的困難。

　　TPO相幹瀏覽：

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars

　　兩篇文章都是關於火星深刻的研討文章,而個中TPO25-1重要存眷火星外面火山的特色：huge volcanoes and extensive impact cratering，僅在末了一段對火星外面的水的存在做了扼要的解釋。 TPO08-3 重要研討火星外面的水，與24日真題更加類似。在此筆者也贊助列位考生對 TPO08-3的文章做進一步梳理。

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars構造剖析

　　第一段：

　　1火星上曾存在液態水，兩種外面特點runoff channels and outflow channels支撐了這個揣摸

　　2Runoff channels的特點

　　第二段：

　　outflow channels的特點

　　第三段：

　　1火星上初期大概普遍存在著液態水，這些水的數目極大，乃至有海洋存在

　　第四段：

　　提出另個來由對火星上存在液態水的辯駁：1.terraces could also have been created by geological activity，2theMartian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers

　　第五段：

　　總結全文，得出結論：縱然沒有直接證據，但outflow channels 證實火星上曩昔確切照樣存在水。並推想火星上全部的水現實上如今大概已封存在其地下的永遠凍層中，而且在極地地域至多。

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars中關於液態水的內容

　　However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.

　　註：ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact)

　　別的筆者還為列位考生總結了TPO中全部的天文類文章，便利眾人舉行分學科綜合整頓。

　　天文類文章：

　　TPO08-3 Running waters on mars

　　TPO16-3 Plants in our solar system

　　TPO22-3 The Allende meteorite

　　TPO25-1 The surface of mars(與TPO35-3反復)

　　TPO36-2 The origin of earth atmosphere

　　別的，聽力部門

　　TPO30 Lecture3

　　OG Test 2 中也有關於火星的內容供眾人參考

　　推舉瀏覽：

　　對付火星上存在液態水的最新研討：

　　NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today’s Mars(2.15.9.28)

　　New findings from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provide the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.

　　Using an imaging spectrometer on MRO, researchers detected signatures of hydrated minerals on slopes where mysterious streaks are seen on the Red Planet. These darkish streaks appear to ebb and flow over time. They darken and appear to flow down steep slopes during warm seasons, and then fade in cooler seasons. They appear in several locations on Mars when temperatures are above minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 23 Celsius), and disappear at colder times.

　　“Our quest on Mars has been to ‘follow the water,’ in our search for life in the universe, and now we have convincing science that validates what we’ve long suspected,” said John Grunsfeld, astronaut and associate administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. “This is a significant development, as it appears to confirm that water -- albeit briny -- is flowing today on the surface of Mars.”

　　These downhill flows, known as recurring slope lineae (RSL), often have been described as possibly related to liquid water. The new findings of hydrated salts on the slopes point to what that relationship may be to these dark features. The hydrated salts would lower the freezing point of a liquid brine, just as salt on roads here on Earth causes ice and snow to melt more rapidly. Scientists say it’s likely a shallow subsurface flow, with enough water wicking to the surface to explain the darkening.

　　"We found the hydrated salts only when the seasonal features were widest, which suggests that either the dark streaks themselves or a process that forms them is the source of the hydration. In either case, the detection of hydrated salts on these slopes means that water plays a vital role in the formation of these streaks," said Lujendra Ojha of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Atlanta, lead author of a report on these findings published Sept. 28 by Nature Geoscience.

　　Ojha first noticed these puzzling features as a University of Arizona undergraduate student in 2010, using images from the MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). HiRISE observations now have documented RSL at dozens of sites on Mars. The new study pairs HiRISE observations with mineral mapping by MRO’s Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM).

　　The spectrometer observations show signatures of hydrated salts at multiple RSL locations, but only when the dark features were relatively wide. When the researchers looked at the same locations and RSL weren't as extensive, they detected no hydrated salt.

　　Ojha and his co-authors interpret the spectral signatures as caused by hydrated minerals called perchlorates. The hydrated salts most consistent with the chemical signatures are likely a mixture of magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate. Some perchlorates have been shown to keep liquids from freezing even when conditions are as cold as minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 70 Celsius). On Earth, naturally produced perchlorates are concentrated in deserts, and some types of perchlorates can be used as rocket propellant.

　　Perchlorates have previously been seen on Mars. NASA's Phoenix lander and Curiosity rover both found them in the planet's soil, and some scientists believe that the Viking missions in the 1970s measured signatures of these salts. However, this study of RSL detected perchlorates, now in hydrated form, in different areas than those explored by the landers. This also is the first time perchlorates have been identified from orbit.

　　MRO has been examining Mars since 2006 with its six science instruments.

　　"The ability of MRO to observe for multiple Mars years with a payload able to see the fine detail of these features has enabled findings such as these: first identifying the puzzling seasonal streaks and now making a big step towards explaining what they are," said Rich Zurek, MRO project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.

　　For Ojha, the new findings are more proof that the mysterious lines he first saw darkening Martian slopes five years ago are, indeed, present-day water.

　　"When most people talk about water on Mars, they're usually talking about ancient water or frozen water," he said. "Now we know there’s more to the story. This is the first spectral detection that unambiguously supports our liquid water-formation hypotheses for RSL."

　　The discovery is the latest of many breakthroughs by NASA’s Mars missions.

　　“It took multiple spacecraft over several years to solve this mystery, and now we know there is liquid water on the surface of this cold, desert planet,” said Michael Meyer, lead scientist for NASA’s Mars Exploration Program at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. “It seems that the more we study Mars, the more we learn how life could be supported and where there are resources to support life in the future.”

　　(reference:https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars)

　　第二篇：二戰後歐洲經濟

　　文章剖析：

　　第一段：綜述二戰後列國經濟的成長。(此段中湧現許多細節性的比較數據，考核考生對混亂的細節信息的網絡與梳理才能)

　　第二段：戰後經濟成長的緣故原由：馬歇爾籌劃對歐洲經濟成長的偉大推進感化，然則經濟增援停滯後，經濟成長也墮入停止。

　　第三段：戰後經濟成長的緣故原由：當局在歐洲經濟成長中起到的感化：支撐私有化經濟，保持經濟的穩固性。

　　第四段：當局間的互助也對推進了經濟的成長。

　　第五段：美國對付歐洲的經濟支援停滯後，本地的經濟成長也墮入停止，究其緣故原由是沒有有技巧的工人操縱當代化的機器。

　　註：馬歇爾籌劃(The Marshall Plan)，又被稱為歐洲中興籌劃(European Recovery Program)，是第二次天下大戰停止後美國對被戰斗損壞的西歐列國舉行經濟支援、幫忙重修的籌劃，對歐洲國度的成長和天下政治格式發生了深遠的影響。該籌劃於1948年4月正式啟動，並整整連續了4個財務年度之久。在這段時代內，西歐列國經由過程加入經濟互助成長構造(OECD)統共接收了美國包含金融、技巧、裝備等各類情勢的支援合計131.5億美元。

　　TPO文章中並無觸及二戰以後經濟成長的文章，然則列位考生可以參考TPO 10-3 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth. 這篇文章與24日真題都是研討某一特準時期的經濟成長，並深刻研討其成長的緣故原由類的文章。

　　別的從比來的實戰測驗來講，經濟類的文章考核也其實不普遍，2015年6月湧現過一篇economic prosperity in the Roman Augustan Age.

　　但是，存眷歐洲文體，特別是歐洲汗青方面的文章卻頻仍湧現，如2015年真題曾湧現過Europe in the High Middle Ages，Population Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Europe，Economic Decline in Europe during the Fourteenth Century，England’s Economy in the Sixteenth Century.乃至在2016年1月9日也湧現了歐洲經濟闌珊內容的文章。汗青類文章觸及特定的汗青事宜，配景相對於咱們熟習的動物植物類較為生疏，專有辭匯聯合左右文欠好掌控，列位考生可以留意這些方面配景常識的積聚。

　　第三篇：羅馬的文化入侵

　　文章剖析：

　　文章存眷羅馬文明在文化方面臨於其他地區的影響。起首，拉丁語被普遍推重，人們以為進修說話不但是為了平常交換，更主要的是可以成為更好的人(其時人們對付羅馬文化的推重可見一斑)，說話的普遍流傳的同時更推進了羅馬文化和政治方面的深刻影響。接下來論述羅馬修建的影響，羅馬在馴服屬地以後，影響本地的修建作風，隨後本地的修建愈來愈羅馬風。修建除裝潢更主要的感化是用於政治和宗教聚首。隨後記述羅馬民主張識的成長和流傳。

　　TPO文章參考：

　　TPO07-3 Ancient rome and Greece

　　TPO19-1 The Roman army’s impact on Britain

　　從文體方面來看，文章屬於汗青大類中的文明/文化類文體，與上述TPO19-1的文章較為類似。但24日的真題加倍著重於羅馬在文化方面臨於其他地域的影響，相對於TPO19-1的文章角度加倍抽象，欠好掌控。

　　文明/文化類文章在汗青這一大類的文章中的難度可以算得上是第一流的，抽象的觀點和大批專著名詞使許多考生對這類範例的文章覺得異常的恐怖。而在全部的文明/文化文體的文章中，希臘和羅馬文明又比擬受考官青睞。除上面枚舉的兩篇文章，TPO還湧現了TPO29-1 Characteristics of Roman pottery. 2015年觸及古羅馬文明的真題文章包含：The Western Roman Empire in the Fifth Century，Economic prosperity in the Roman Augustan Age.對付這類高難度的文章，發起列位考生會合總結專有辭匯，彌補配景常識。

　　辭匯題：

　　adequate-suitable

　　spurt-a sudden increase

　　assess-evaluate

　　suffice-be enough

　　founding-establishment

　　massively-extensively

　　unprecedented-unlike anything in the past

　　era-period

　　fragment-pieces

　　pragmatic-practical (此處有滋擾項commercial輕易錯選，文章中下一句舉例解釋：好比和兵士舉行商品生意生意業務。假如考生依據文章內容舉行揣摸，則易選commercial.對此筆者提示考生：托福瀏覽部門辭匯題的預備必定要以晉升硬氣力，即擴充本身的辭匯量為主，聯合文章揣摸存在危害)

　　除此以外，此次測驗的文章仍舊湧現了3-5段的段落設置，這也象征著長段落持續攻下著考生們軟弱的當心臟。為此，列位考生有需要研討長段落的辦理辦法並對長段落做會合的演習。筆者推舉兩種辦法：第一，考生對付長段子可舉行段落-標題交互式瀏覽。第二，考生須要側重剖析段落的構造和句間幹系，然後分條理舉行瀏覽與答題。