8月20日口譯文章：那些轉變全部片子家當的影片(下)
5.《少年福爾摩斯》
《少年福爾摩斯》不是第一部應用電腦動畫的片子，但它是第一部應用超實際CGI人物的片子，這些人物必需掃描並繪制到膠片上。如今看來，這些場景不免難免相對於簡略：一個玻璃人從一幅著色玻璃插畫裏走出來，夏洛克·福爾摩斯與他格斗。然則，假如沒有這個場景，咱們大概看不見厥後大片《玩具總發動》(Toy Story)和《冰雪奇緣》(Frozen)裏獨有的住民。
這個簡略場景註解，CGI不但對《星際迷航》(Star Trek)這些片子的殊效氣象有效——它可以用來發明完全的腳色。沒有這部片子，咱們大概永久不會有憑仗CGI勝利塑造的形象，好比《指環王》系列的咕嚕(Gollum)。更風趣的是，著色玻璃騎士恰是由約翰·拉塞特(John Lasseter)制造的;約翰厥後創立了皮克斯，還發明了婦孺皆知的腳色，好比胡迪(Woody)和巴斯光年(Buzz Lightyear)，厥後這家公司被迪斯尼並購了。
4.《一個國度的出生》
D·W·格裏菲斯(D.W. Griffith)標記性的片子在汗青上的位置很不穩定。就最根本的層面而言，其著名的緣故原由在於它是第一部長度完全的影片。這部時長3小時的片子勝利了，解釋片子不單單是簡略的鏡頭聚集，還可以報告敘事空間寬大的故事。惋惜的是，格裏菲斯遴選的故事帶有緊張的種族成見。
最初的片名，《宗族》(The Clansman)，更忠誠於影片的內容。只管情節會合於美海內戰後的兩個家庭，然則由白人演員飾演的黑人腳色帶有某些題目——好比懶惰、傷害大概好色，卻鵲巢鳩占。這些受到討厭的人威逼要占據南部地域，直到勇敢的3K黨力挽狂瀾。榮幸的是，好萊塢願望能復制這部片子的藝術造詣(多重情節的設法主意、節拍、構造，另有全新的拍照事情)，而不是它驚人的內容。
3.《半夜牛仔》
如今，大部門人不會為《半夜牛仔》展示的性、福壽膏和赤身覺得驚奇，更能把留意力會合到這部影片表達的信息上——罪犯之間的幹系，這些罪犯生存在一個充斥榨取、相互縮手旁觀的天下裏。然則，1969年，美國片子協會發出了分歧的聲音，把這部非色情影片定位為“X”級。
X級對片子而言平日便是極刑。但是，《半夜牛仔》勝利地翻越了這個停滯，成為唯逐一部得到奧斯卡絕佳影片的X級片子。總而言之，昔時它被提名7項奧斯卡獎項，末了得到個中3項。第二年，本片的級別降至R。這部片子的藝術遺產也很豐碩。在差別色情和藝術這個題目上，它發明了一場連續的對話，匆匆使幾十年後的觀眾不會由於色情內容而忘記一部片子的藝術代價。它還軟化了美國片子協會制訂的分級政策，協會委曲認可一部吸引力如斯普遍的片子和得到多項奧斯卡提名的片子不多是初級下賤的。
2.《願望》
當最愛的小說改編為片子時，書迷經常遺憾剪輯總會喪失一些器械。不幸的是，如許的濃縮是需要的，由於少有觀眾樂意一向坐4個小時。然則，好萊塢有權者被迫艱苦地學過這個教導，他們如許做，很大水平上是由於艾瑞克·凡·斯特勞亨(Eric Von Stroheim)1924年的片子《願望》。
凡·斯特勞亨以為，在美國小說《麥克提格》(McTeague)改編的腳本中，沒有哪一頁的細節可以從屏幕上移除。這個怪僻的導演花了兩年多時光研討大批膠片，最初拍攝它們花了相稱長的時光，由於他避開了好萊塢影棚，偏好真相實景，不管是內華達山脈照樣滅亡峽谷。成果發生了一部近8小時長的片子。影棚不接收這個長度，他勝利將其剪輯掉一半，但縱然如許都還不敷。影棚厥後讓一名沒有讀過原書的人將它進一步減少到2小時15分鐘。剩下的菲林——持否決看法的編纂多達32位——被融掉，提取硝酸銀。這個教導價值很高，好萊塢從未忘卻。本日，對書籍的改編一樣平常不請求完整對書籍舉行再創作了。
【參考譯文】
1.《火車大劫案》
這部1903年的片子是無聲的，只有12分鐘，然則它完整轉變了片子業。起首，它報告了一個故事，具體地報告了匪賊擄掠火車，然後在逃跑過程當中一起開槍。這與曩昔的片子完整分歧，那些片子只有一個挑逗性的、用來文娛觀眾的場景。觀眾第一次看到真正的暴力，包含盼望看到的槍戰，另有將煤炭用作兵器，和人體模子的根本殊效——用模子取代一小我被扔出火車。
這部片子還具有許多片子制造專利和剪輯技巧，從應用多個地位安排開麥拉，到經由過程交織剪輯展示同時產生的事宜。這部片子在小劇場很受迎接，直接匆匆使美國各地片子院爆炸式成長，為隨後全部片子產業鋪好了途徑。
5.Young Sherlock Holmes
Young Sherlock Holmes was not the first movie to feature computer animation, but it was the first to feature a hyper-realistic CGI character that had to be both scanned and painted onto the film. In retrospect, the scene may seem relatively simple: Sherlock Holmes battling a glass figure that comes alive out of a stained glass illustration. However, without this scene, we may never have had the denizens of future hits Toy Story and Frozen.
This simple scene showed that CGI was not just useful for the SFX spectacle of films such as Star Trek—it could be used to create characters entirely. Without this movie, we would never have such icons of CGI achievement as Gollum from the Lord of the Rings series. More interestingly, the stained-glass knight character was animated by no other than John Lasseter, who would go on to found Pixar and create memorable characters such as Woody and Buzz Lightyear before the company was acquired by Disney.
4.The Birth Of A Nation
D.W. Griffith's landmark film occupies a dubious place in history. On the most basic level, it's notable for being the first full-length movie. The success of the three-hour film showed that movies could be more than just simple clips and instead tell an expansive story. Unfortunately, the story Griffith chose to tell is horrifically racist.
The film's original title, The Clansman, is much more honest about what the film portrays. While the plot concentrates on two families after the Civil War, the alternately lazy, dangerous, and lecherous black characters played by white actors in blackface steal the show. These despicable figures threaten to overrun the South until the heroic Ku Klux Klan saves the day. Thankfully, Hollywood sought to emulate the film's artistic achievements (the idea of multiple plots, pacing, structure, and groundbreaking camera work) and not its shocking content.
3.Midnight Cowboy
Today, most of us wouldn't be shocked by the sex, drugs, and nudity portrayed in Midnight Cowboy, allowing us to focus on its message about the bond forged between outcasts in an oppressive and uncaring world. In 1969, however, the Motion Picture Association of America sang a different tune when they gave this non-pornographic movie an “X” rating.
An X rating is normally a death sentence for a movie. However, Midnight Cowboy managed to transcend that barrier, remaining the only X-rated movie to receive the Best Picture Oscar. In total, it was nominated in seven categories at that year's Academy Awards and won three of them. The next year, the movie's rating was downgraded to an R.The movie's artistic legacy is no small achievement. It created an ongoing conversation about the divide between pornography and art, forcing the audiences of future decades not to dismiss a movie's artistic value due to its adult content. It also helped to soften the rating policies followed by the MPAA, who reluctantly acknowledged that a movie with such widespread appeal and a plethora of Oscar nominations couldn't be considered obscene.
2.Greed
The common lament of book fans when it comes to film adaptations of their favorite novels is that something always gets left on the cutting room floor. Such truncations are unfortunately necessary, as few moviegoers are willing to sit through four-hour epics. However, the Hollywood powers that be had to learn this lesson the hard way, and they did so largely because of Eric Von Stroheim's 1924 film Greed.
Von Stroheim decided that not a single detail from the page could be omitted from the screen in this adaptation of the American novel McTeague. The eccentric director spent over two years working on the bloated film, which primarily took so long to film because he eschewed Hollywood studios in favor of real locations ranging from the Sierra Nevada mountains to Death Valley.The result was a film nearly eight hours long. After the studio balked at its length, he managed to cut it in half, but not even that was sufficient. The studio would later order it to be further trimmed down to about two hours and fifteen minutes by someone who had never read the book on which it was based. The extra reels of film—a whopping 32 edited negatives—were melted down for their silver nitrate. A costly lesson was learned, and Hollywood never forgot it. Today, adaptations from books generally do not seek to fully recreate the books on which they are based.
1.The Great Train Robbery
This 1903 movie is silent and only 12 minutes long, but it completely changed film. First, it told a story, specifically of bandits robbing a train before being gunned down during their escape. This was in stark contrast to previous films, which consisted only of one-off scenes meant to titillate and amuse viewers. For the first time, audiences witnessed realistic violence, including the expected gunplay but also the use of coal as a bludgeon, and rudimentary special effects in the form of a dummy that stood in for a man being thrown from the train.
This movie also patented many filming and editing techniques, from the use of multiple locations to panning the camera and using crosscutting to show events that are occurring simultaneously. The popularity of the film at nickel theaters directly contributed to the explosion of movie theaters across America, which paved the way for the entire film industry that followed.
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