11月2日BBC聽力：商業和人權若何堅持均衡
At a recent hearing of Parliament’s Foreign Affairs Committee a lively exchange occurred onthe place of Human Rights in Foreign Policy considerations. The Committee heard that whileHuman Rights were still an integral part of the FCO’s work, they were no longer one of the toppriorities. Trade was now further up the list.
Integrating human rights into foreign policy poses difficult dilemmas for many westerngovernments. Getting the balance right all the time can be challenging. The late Robin Cook,spoke of an ethical foreign policy. Few countries now speak of such a policy, for fear of beingcalled out on it. But in my experience having served overseas as a diplomat, the ethicaldimension remains strong, albeit implicitly so.
Diplomacy is about building and maintaining relationships with individuals, groups and states –and sometimes with those who don’t share common values. Diplomacy navigates and influencesdifference. As with human relationships, if one desires a positive change in the other thenengagement is one way of achieving that through building up contact and hopefully trust andconfidence. In extreme cases of difference, diplomats might ask at what stage you can speakto terrorists? Or when can you deal with dictatorships and how? Earlier generations faced similarvalues dilemmas when dealing with the USSR and Warsaw Pact.
Political Scientists disagree on whether the market comes before the democracy or vice versa.That feeds into the policy dilemma on human rights and trade.
Adopting too absolutist an approach on trade or human rights is likely to be ineffective.Giving trade a stronger priority over human rights in foreign policy might actually hasten theday when they are more sustainably embedded, or it might simply help to sustain theinjustice. As with our human actions, all depends on the purity of motive underpinning thepolicy choice and the standards by which we discern that.
A self-interested utilitarian focus on trade alone is unlikely to bring positive change for eithersociety. Clive of India and the East India Company is a history not to be repeated. But equally, atoo purist approach to achieving human rights and democracy risks putting impossibleexpectations on developing countries, in particular the weaker ones, to achieve standardsthat took us centuries to deliver.
Trade and Human Rights are not mutually exclusive; in the right circumstances one can lead tothe other. When Jesus spoke about being as wise as serpents and as innocent as doves, heillustrated the balance that sometimes has to be struck. Foreign relations, like humanrelationships, ask us to discern the purity of our choices and subsequent actions. For peopleof faith, we believe that one day we will have to account for them.
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