作者：網測驗部 朱曉珂
名師簡介： 985名校碩士卒業，致力於跨中西文化交換，出書三十萬字譯著一部及數篇學術論文，曾遊學歐洲，客訪法國國度科研中間、巴黎第七大學等。平和耐煩，過細嚴謹，有很強的義務心和親和力。參加咨詢以來，秉持“將心比心，推己及人”的教授教養主旨，容身門生的角度，深刻發掘和思慮門生所存在題目的深層緣故原由，諄諄教導，深刻淺出。經由過程對常識多角度、多條理的剖析，讓門生從基本上熟悉本身的題目地點，從而有的放矢，確保學天生績短時間內進步。
正文：
GMAT測驗作為一種非英語測驗，對付verbal部門的考核，重點不在辭匯和基本英語應用上，而在於對單詞、詞組、句子、段落等說話征象之間邏輯幹系的考核。
這類邏輯幹系不僅僅體如今瀏覽部門對文章構造的掌控和邏輯部門對推理的剖析，在句子改錯部門也有所反應：一個長難句中，分句與分句、詞組與詞組、單詞與單詞之間的邏輯幹系與次序分列題目是句子改錯題目標一個重點。而句子身分的順序題目恰是反應了潤飾考點的實質：某個潤飾身分的存在地位是不是公道、句子語序是不是正準確。
在句中起到潤飾感化的身分有很多，如定語從句的潤飾，如今分詞的潤飾，垂懸潤飾，形容詞、副詞、介詞短語的潤飾等。個中，因為GMAT語法中定語從句潤飾的考點與平常英語應用有所分歧，許多同窗在碰著which、whose等定語從句的潤飾題目時經常昏頭昏腦，本文就對定語從句的常識點舉行一個簡略的梳理。
所謂定語從句潤飾，從句在句中做定語，潤飾一個名詞。名詞的潤飾語平日由以下幹系代詞引出：
WHICH THAT WHO WHOM WHOSE WHERE WHEN
在GMAT語法中，為了不潤飾歧義，定語從句每每就近潤飾，如：
句1.The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
句中which就近潤飾whale。
(此處要與平常英語中which 的用法差別開，GMAT語法中Which不克不及潤飾完全的句子。別的，文中所舉例句皆出自《GMAT官方指南》，供同窗們溫習參考。)
句1是定語從句最廣泛的用法，但是同窗們在做題目標時刻，也大概會湧現如下情形：
句2. Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.
在此句中，依照句子邏輯寄義，which所潤飾的焦點詞應為letters，然則作為準確選項，本句中which並無就近潤飾。Why?
GMAT語法以為，假如定語從句如不克不及就近潤飾，可以跳躍簡短身分潤飾。簡短身分包含分詞短語、介詞短語或插入語等。
此句中的which並不克不及就近潤飾Susan Huntington Dickinson，(潤飾人應當用who)，是以跳過介詞短語 to Susan Huntington Dickinson潤飾letters。
除which不克不及潤飾人之外，在GMAT語法中，對付幹系代詞的潤飾，另有一些限定的情形：
A.That 不克不及潤飾人。
毛病：The scientists that made the discovery work very hard.
準確：The scientists who made the discovery work very hard.
B. Which 修金飾，見例2。
C.Who 與whom潤飾人。Who在定語從句中做主語，whom在定語從句中做賓語。
句3. Among the objects found in the excavated temple were small terra-cotta effigies left by supplicants who were either asking the goddess Bona Dea's aid in healing physical and mental ills or thanking her for such help.
D.偶然which和whom可跟在介詞背面。
句4. A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come from the incineration of wastes.
E. Whose既可以潤飾人，也能夠修金飾。
句5. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.
F. 平常英語中，where與in which可以交換。然則在GMAT語法中二者有所差別： where一樣平常潤飾詳細性所在，如：area、country等，in which一樣平常潤飾抽象性所在：如condition、situation、case、 circumstance等。
句6. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.
句7. El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.
G.When潤飾時光，和in which可交換。
句8. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas.
舉個例子：
Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.
(A) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang
(B) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging
(C) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(D) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
(E) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung
很多同窗傻傻分不清晰，以為本題中定語從句whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline跳過火詞短語sleeping on the branches對monkeys舉行潤飾。實在，ABE的三個選項中的whose，因為既可修金飾也可潤飾人，應就近潤飾branches，依照邏輯寄義ABE選項皆為毛病選項。
同窗們明確了麽?拿2016版官方指南29、50、 55、109等標題練練手吧!
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