7月11日VOA聽力：辦理非洲水和燃料的方法
Governments of developing countries in Africaoften lack the resources and infrastructure tosolve the everyday problems of theirinhabitants. But every so often, authorities andlocal entrepreneurs find low-tech solutions withthe potential for being adopted across thecontinent.
Access to clean drinking water is still a challenge for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa,especially for people living in large city slums, such as Mathare, in Kenya’s capital Nairobi.
Many slum residents, mostly women, had to walk several kilometers to the nearest source ofwater, which often was contaminated.
“Then we did not trust the water, it was dirty, so we had to boil it before drinking,” saidMathare, Kenya, resident Pauline Wanza.
Instead of building a costly pipe network, the Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company, inpartnership with the Danish company Grundfos, installed four machines that dispense cleanwater.
Customers pay with a smart card - about half a U.S. cent for 20 liters of water. They can addmoney to the card through smartphones or at kiosks.
Officials say paying with smart cards ensures the water is dispensed in an orderly manner.
“The water being dispensed by the machine here, we are sure of its quality, we are assuringthem they will be getting quality water from the machine,” said Philip Gichuki, of Nairobi CityWater and Sewage Company.
The water company says it plans to install more water-dispensing machines.
Clean air is another challenge for African households - as many still use open fires for cookingand heating. Breathing air saturated with toxic smoke creates lasting respiratory problems,especially for children.
“In the world today, globally, 4 million people die out of cooking with biomass energy, and thedeaths are caused by respiratory related health problems associated with smoke in thekitchen,” said Mary Njenga, a post-doctoral researcher.
That could change, thanks to Kenya’s annual production of 600,000 tons of sugar, which leaveshuge mounds of a byproduct called bagasse.
Kenyan entrepreneur Tom Osborn realized the bagasse could be turned into a fuel that, whenburned, does not emit hazardous fumes.
“We take sugarcane waste and then we recycle this into eco-friendly, smokeless and highenergy charcoal briquettes which can be used just as conventional charcoal is used in normalstoves and in boilers,” said Osborn.
Bagasse is burned in a special kiln with a reduced supply of oxygen. The resulting product ismixed with a binding agent, pressed into briquettes and packed into sacks.
Consumers say it is a huge improvement over regular firewood.
“When I started using this one, the children do not get sick and the house does not get toohot. Also the food does not have a smoky taste. It is nice,” said Linet Nyadya, who is agrandmother.
Osborn's company, GreenChar, hopes to eventually reach more than 6 million customers.
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