托福聽力地質學中關於“Rock”的詞匯

　　托福聽力中，地質學是一門主要的學科，因為高中教室中很少觸及相幹常識，本日關於巖石的分類做一下簡略的先容。

　　巖石(rock)一樣平常分為三大類：

　　(一)火成巖(igneous rock)是指巖漿冷卻後(地殼裏噴出的巖漿，大概被熔化的現存巖石)，成形的一種巖石。

　　常見的火成巖有：

　　花崗巖 granite: a very hard grey rock, often used in building

　　玄武巖 basalt: a type of black rock produced by volcanoes

　　黑曜石 obsidian: a type of rock that looks like black glass

　　浮石 pumice: very light grey rock from a volcano

　　granite basalt obsidian pumice

　　托福TPO真題鏈接：

　　Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. TPO-1

　　(二)沉積巖(sedimentary rock)是在地表不太深之處，將其他巖石的風化產品和一些火山噴發物，經由水流或冰川的搬運、沉積、成巖感化構成的巖石。

　　常見的沉積巖有：

　　煤 coal: a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock

　　砂石 sandstone: a type of soft yellow or red rock

　　石灰石 limestone: a type of rock that contains calcium

　　頁巖 shale: a smooth soft rock which breaks easily into thin flat pieces

　　石膏 gypsum: a soft white substance

　　白雲石 dolomite: a kind of sedimentary rock

　　coal sandstone limestone shale gypsum dolomite

　　托福TPO真題鏈接：

　　It was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. TPO-1

　　Another difference, very important today for distinguishing between older lake beds and newer ones, is the location of the limestone formations. TPO-9

　　(三)變質巖(metamorphic rock)是指遭到地球內部力氣(溫度、壓力、應力的變更、化學身分等)改革而成的新型巖石。固態的巖石在地球內部的壓力和溫度感化下，產生物資身分的遷徙和重結晶，構成新的礦物組合。

　　常見的變質巖有：

　　大理石 marble: a type of hard rock that becomes smooth when it is polished

　　石英石 quartzite: hard metamorphic rock consisting essentially of interlocking quartz crystals

　　板巖 slate: a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces

　　片麻巖 gneiss: a laminated rock similar to granite

　　marble quartzite slate gneiss

　　托福TPO真題鏈接：

　　Then they shipped these plastic casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze. TPO-18