When it comes to managing Germany’s refugee surge, Chancellor Angela Merkel has pledged to learn from past immigration waves.
對付如那邊理湧入德國的災黎激增的題目，德國總理安格拉默克爾(Angela Merkel)許諾要從曩昔的移民潮中汲取教導。
She would do well to talk to 23-year-old Elvedin Goljica. The Kosovo-born student might seem a poster boy for integration. After arriving as an infant with his parents from war-torn Yugoslavia in 1992, he did well at school, attends a top university and has a prestigious foreign ministry internship.
她大可以跟Elvedin Goljica談一談。這名出身在科索沃、現年23歲的門生看起來大概是移民融入本地社會的範例。1992年尚在繈褓的他隨怙恃從飽受戰斗踐踏的南斯拉夫來到德國，他學業精彩並進入頂尖大學就讀，今朝具有一份鮮明的交際部練習事情。
But Mr Goljica argues that he suffers from the gap that still divides ethnic Germans from immigrants and their German-born children. For him it is mostly to do with xenophobic jokes, pointed questions about his name, and occasional encounters with rude officials.
然則，Goljica以為，本土德國人與移民及生於德國的移民後代之間仍舊存在差距，這讓他覺得苦楚，重要的題目是那些仇外的打趣、針對他的名字提出的尖利題目和偶然碰到的粗暴官員。
“If I say my name, people assume I am a foreigner. People ask me about Kosovo as if it were my home, but I have never lived there since I was a baby,” he says.
“假如我說出本身的名字，人們會以為我是外國人。人們會問我關於科索沃的事，就似乎那是我家鄉似的，然則我很小的時刻就分開那邊了，”他稱。
He is so concerned that he has joined an online campaign called “I too am Germany” in which immigrant-origin young people have posted pictures to emphasise Germany’s multicultural reality. Others on the site talk about everything from racist insults to ticket inspectors picking on dark-skinned passengers.
為此他參加了網上一個名為“我也是德國人”(I too am Germany)的運動。在該運動中，移民出生的年青人貼出了很多展示德國多元文化的照片。另有些網民評論辯論從種族進擊到檢票員專門挑深膚色的搭客等各種征象。
Faced with the burden of taking in an estimated 1m migrants this year, the German government might be forgiven for paying less attention to the complaints of people already established. But Ms Merkel says those granted asylum must feel at home. She told the Bundestag this month: “We must learn from the experiences [of the past] . . . and, from the outset, put the highest priority on integration.”
鑒於德國本年估計將吸收100萬移民，德國當局較少存眷現有移民的埋怨大概是可原諒的。然則，默克爾稱，那些獲得卵翼的災黎理應感到像在家同樣。她9月向德國聯邦議院(Bundestag)稱：“咱們必需從(曩昔的)閱歷中汲取教導……並且從一開端就高度看重融入題目。”
Mr Goljica’s story is relevant because he was part of the last big wave of asylum-seekers to shelter in Germany — 350,000 refugees from the Yugoslav wars of the early 1990s. Confronted with the arrival of other eastern European migrants and the turmoil of German reunification, the government took a hard line over the Balkan refugees under rightwing political pressure.
之以是要提Goljica的故事，是由於他是上一波湧入德國追求逃亡的大範圍災黎潮——上世紀90年月初逃離南斯拉夫戰斗湧入德國的35萬災黎——的個中一員。在同時還要面臨其他東歐移民湧入和兩德同一引動員蕩的配景下，德國當局其時在右翼政治壓力的影響下對來自巴爾幹半島的災黎采用了倔強政策。
Most had to return to Bosnia after the 1995 Dayton peace accord, with only about 40,000 remaining after 2000, says UNHCR, the UN refugee agency. Those who stayed struggled to be granted permanent residence, including the Goljica family. “For 10 years my father fought with officials,” said Mr Goljica.
結合國災黎署(UNHCR)表現，1995年《代頓寧靜協議》(Dayton Peace Accords)簽訂後，多半人不能不返回了波斯尼亞，唯一4萬人在2000年後仍舊留在德國。那些留下來的災黎很難得到永遠住民身份，個中就包含Goljica一家。“我爸爸和官員爭了10年，”Goljica稱。
Bernd Mesovic, of Pro Asyl, a lobby group, says: “It was idiotic to push people out. Many of the best-qualified went to the US.”
遊說集團“支撐逃亡構造”(Pro Asyl)的貝恩義蔠索維奇(Bernd Mesovic)稱：“把人們趕出去的做法是愚昧的。許多最有資歷的人都去了美國。”
The ex-Balkan refugees are among Germany’s best-integrated immigrants, with many benefiting from ties with relatives who had arrived in earlier decades, and community organisations. Former refugees include prizewinning writer Sasa Stanisic and football international Neven Subotic. Edmin Atlagic, president of IGBD, a leading Bosnian community group, says: “We have adapted well to Germany because we came from a secular pluralist society.”
前巴爾幹半島災黎是德國最融入本地社會的移民群體之一，個中許多人都受益於比他們早幾十年達到德國的親戚和社區機構的贊助。前災黎中包含獲獎作家薩沙斯塔尼希罕(Sasa Stanisic)和國際足球明星內文蘇博蒂奇(Neven Subotic)。重要的波斯尼亞社區集團IGBD的主席埃德明阿特拉吉奇(Edmin Atlagic)稱：“咱們已很好地順應了德國，由於咱們來自一個世俗的多元化的社會。”
Today’s Middle Eastern refugees are escaping civil war, like their Balkan predecessors, but they are arriving in a country that is much more welcoming than 25 years ago. The German economy, burdened in the 1990s by reunification costs, is powering ahead and companies are crying out for skilled workers. As Ms Merkel says, the country has money for supporting refugees.
就像曩昔來自巴爾幹半島的災黎同樣，現在的中東災黎正在逃離內戰，然則他們所抵達的國度比25年前更迎接移民。上世紀90年月遭到同一價值拖累的德國經濟現在身先士卒，企業急切須要闇練工人。正如默克爾所言，德國如今有錢支撐災黎。
Also, successive governments have rejected past anti-immigration policies, when immigrants were seen as temporary visitors, and have backed integration. Since 2000 Berlin has passed laws to fight discrimination, support immigrants (via language lessons), ease rules for migrants’ German-born children to claim citizenship, and relax restrictions on asylum-seekers working.
別的，德國多屆當局都否決曩昔的反移民政策(其時移民被視為暫時訪客)，而支撐融會。自2000年開端，柏林經由過程了一系列司法來清除輕視、(經由過程說話課)贊助移民、放寬在德國出身的移民後代申請國民身份的相幹劃定、和放寬對追求卵翼者加入事情的限定。
Germany today has Europe’s largest immigrant population; over 10m out of a total of 81m. Immigrants’ earnings lag behind the native population’s by about 20 per cent, only a little more than in the UK and France. Further, an easy-access social security system means that Germany has only 28 per cent of foreign-born people in poverty, fewer than in Britain and France, according to the EU.
現在德國具有歐洲數目最宏大的移民生齒;其8100萬生齒中有跨越800萬是移民。移民的收入比德邦本土生齒低20%上下，這個比例僅略大於英國和法國。並且，據歐盟數據表現，輕易介入的社會保障系統象征著德國唯一28%的外來移民位於貧苦當中，低於英國和法國的比例。
But immigrant-origin Germans still lag behind natives in living standards, housing quality and education. According to the OECD’s Pisa education tests, immigrant-origin youngsters scored an average of 54 points below their non-immigrant classmates in mathematics in a 2012 study — a smaller gap than the 81-point difference of a decade earlier but bigger than the 34 OECD average.
然則，在生存程度、住房前提和教導方面，移民出生的德國人仍舊落伍於本土德國人。依據經合構造(OECD)國際門生評估項目(Pisa)測試成果，在2012年的一項研討中，移民出生的青少年在數學上的均勻得分比非移民的同窗低54分，比10年前81分的差距有所減小，然則仍大於經合構造的均勻差距(移民比非移民均勻低34分)。
Refugee activists call for further action, including more provision of German lessons and affordable housing. But the ex-Balkan immigrants are disappointed that Syrian asylum-seekers are receiving residence rights of only three years. Conservative Germans say even this is too generous since refugees should be ready to leave when their home countries stabilise. But Mr Atlagic says: “People need to have the perspective of permanent residence from the outset. Only then will they will fully commit to integration in Germany.”
為災黎奔忙的活動聽士號令當局采用進一步辦法，包含供給更多德語課程和可累贅住房。然則前巴爾幹半島移民對來自敘利亞的追求卵翼者將僅得到3年棲身權覺得絕望。德國人中的守舊派乃至稱，這太甚豁略大度了，災黎應當隨時預備幸虧其故國局面穩固後分開德國。然則阿特拉吉奇稱：“人們應當從一開端就抱有永遠居留的設法主意。只有如許他們才會在德國努力去融入社會。”
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